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escherichia coli
''Escherichia coli'' (; also known as ''E. coli'') is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus ''Escherichia'' that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most ''E. coli'' strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases )〕 Yet, E. ''coli'' is an essential organism to humans The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria. ''E. coli'' is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.
''E. coli'' and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1% of gut flora, and fecal–oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. A growing body of research, though, has examined environmentally persistent ''E. coli'' which can survive for extended periods outside of a host.
The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. ''E. coli'' is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy. Organic growth factors included in chemically defined medium used to grow ''E. coli'' includes glucose, ammonium phosphate, mono basic, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, dibasic, and water. The exact chemical composition is known for media that is considered chemically defined medium.〔 ''E. coli'' is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Under favorable conditions, it takes only 20 minutes to reproduce.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria )〕
==Biology and biochemistry==
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